International data
Markets outside the US, cross-country datasets and multilingual text.
A benchmark of nine factor-mining methods finds no approach consistently wins
FactorBench compares roughly five thousand machine-mined factors across five equity markets, from genetic programming to LLM agents.
Agents can propose investment factors, but a frozen referee has to judge them
A working paper splits factor research in two and finds that a referee the agent cannot touch admits 5 to 11 times fewer false factors.